Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review

D I. Tsilimigras [33] 2019

Multicenter

706

(419/278)

57.9¹

(59.4–66)

ICCA

1:453

2: 231

3:22

Surgery

OS (Bi)

2–3 vs 1

1.47

(1.17- 1.84)

20.7

(10.8–39.9)

9

OS (M)

1.36

(1.04- 1.78)

KL Xing [16] 

2020

(Training cohort)

China

178

(119/59)

 > 60 = 58

ICCA

1:121

2:55

3:2

Surgery

PRS (U)

2 vs 1

2.42

(2.53- 3.81)

22.8

(1.2–110.8)

8

PRS (M)

2 vs 1

2.54

(1.56- 4.14)

PRS (U)

3 vs 1

3.39

(0.81–14.14)

PRS (M)

3 vs 1

9.67

(1.89–49.33)

C Xu [17]

2019

China

121

(102/19)

MWA

54.5 ± 9.3²

Surgery 53.9 ± 17.5²

ICCA

1:47

2:9

MWA and

surgery

OS (M)

2 vs 1

2.36

(0.98- 3.77)

NA

7

Q Li [18]

2021

(Training set)

China

373

(180/193)

 > 55 = 224

ICCA

H:180

L:193

Surgery

OS (U)

H vs L

1.95

(1.48–2.55)

NA

8

RFS (U)

H vs L

1.77

(1.40–2.24)

Q Li [18]

2021

(Testing set)

China

163

(NA)

NA

ICCA

NA

Surgery

OS (U)

(survival curve)

H vs L

1.89³

(1.11–3.22)

NA

8

RFS (U)

(survival curve)

H vs L

1.83³

(1.17–2.86)

JY Ni [19]

2019

China

78

(57/21)

59.6 ± 10²

ICCA

1:39

2:39

MWA

OS (U)

2 vs 1

3.92

(1.37–11.23)

22.7

(1–86.7)

9

OS (M)

2 vs 1

9.56

(1.58–58.00)

RFS (U)

2 vs 1

1.01

(0.40–2.57)

RFS (M)

2 vs 1

1.38

(0.38–5.06)

S Kaneko [31]

2021

Japan

83

(48/35)

72 (44–88)¹

ICCA

1:34

2:44

3:5

Surgery

OS (U)

H vs L

4.31⁴

(2.03- 9.07)

NA

7

OS (M)

H vs L

4.78⁴

(1.51- 15.15)

H Li [20]

2020

(Derivation cohort)

China

477

(227/250)

58

(49.5–64)¹

ICCA

1:387

2:90

Surgery

OS (U)

(survival curve)

2 vs 1

1.82³

(1.33–2.49)

NA

9

OS (M)

1.40

(1.01–1.93)

H Li [20]

2020

(Validation cohort)

China

143

(83/60)

59 (51–67)¹

ICCA

1:103

2:40

Surgery

OS (U)

(survival curve)

2 vs 1

2.38³

(1.44–3.96)

NA

9

OS (M)

1.91

(1.12–3.27)

H Yang [21]

2021

China

52

(39/13)

59.6 ± 10²

ICCA

1:27

2:25

MWA

OS (U)

2 vs 1

3.92

(1.37–11.23)

21.7

(3.2–121.7)

8

OS (M)

2 vs 1

8.23

(1.58–58.00)

RFS (U)

2 vs 1

1.01

(0.40–2.57)

MM Munir [32] 2023

Multicenter

502

(312/190)

NA

ICCA

H:142

L:360

Surgery

OS (U)

H vs L

1.51

0.007

(1.12–2.03)

39.9

(35.6–44.1)

9

OS (M)

H vs L

1.2

0.376

(0.8–1.79)

J Zhu [22]

2023

(Training cohort)

China

406

(203/203)

58 (50–65)¹

ICCA

1: 312

2–3: 94

Surgery

OS (U)

2–3 vs 1

1.8

(1.42–2.28)

30

(3–126)

7

J Tan [23]

2023

(Discovery cohort)

China

76

(48/28)

56.1(10.1)²

ICCA

1: 36

2–3: 40

Multiple

OS (U)

2–3 vs 1

1.33

0.432

(0.65–2.7)

19.1

7

A Azar [30]

2020

USA

22

(7/15)

62.1(13.1)²

ICCA

1:14

2:7

Multiple

OS (U)

2 vs 1

(survival curve)

1.11³

(0.41- 3.06)

9

5

Z Ye [24]

2023

China

54

(28/26)

64 (40–84)¹

ICCA

1: 29

2: 25

Multiple

OS

2 vs 1 (survival curve)

1.61³

(0.73- 3.52)

10.7

(7.8–13.6)

5

RFS

2 vs 1 (survival curve)

1.24 ³

(0.71- 2.15)

Y Wang⁶ [10]

2018

China

109

(71- 38)

68.9 (11.1)²

ECCA

1–2:47

3:62

PTBS + I¹²⁵

OS (U)

3 vs 1–2

1.72

(1.10–2.70)

NA

9

OS (M)

3 vs 1–2

1.65

(1.04–2.61)

W Wang⁶ [26]

2023

China

213

(152/61)

 < 60 = 89

Perihilar and distal CCA

NA

Multiple

OS (U)

1.71⁵

(1.29–2.26)

NA

6

OS (M)

1.41⁵

(1.01–1.98)

B Quan⁶ [27]

2022

(training set)

China

289

(173/116)

 < 60 = 168

Primary CCA

NA

Surgery

DSS (U)

2 vs 1

1.54⁵

(1.05–2.25)

NA

7

DSS (U)

3 vs 1

4.47⁵

(1.81–11.03)

DSS (M)

2 vs 1

0.86⁵

(0.51–1.43)

DSS (M)

3 vs 1

1.52⁵

(0.47–4.86)

Z BO⁶ [28]

2023

China

127 (6760)

63.8 (10.4)²

ICCA

 < -2.6: 73

 ≥ -2.6: 54

Surgery

Early recurrence (U)

1.26⁵

(0.62–2.58)

NA

7

M Deng⁶ [22]

2022

China

42 (28/14)

55.5 (10.5)²

ICCA

NA

Multiple

Media survival

2 vs 1

(14.7 vs 19.3 months)

12.1

(9.9–14.3)

6

PFS

2 vs 1

(6.9 vs 13.6 months)