Table 2 Mapping based on FITT for the included studies

Q. Xiang (2024)[69]

Unmonitored

7 days/week for 12 weeks

(2)(3) 2000 steps/day and 60% of maximum heart rate

ー

(1) BCAA orally group

(2) Walking group

(3) Walking and BCAA orally group

Motor function: Grip strength, Skeletal muscle mass index

Motor function: Grip strength and skeletal muscle mass index showed predominant improvement. No significant differences were observed between groups.

Liver function: Serological tests

Liver function: No significant differences were observed between groups

E. Sobhy (2024)[70]

Unmonitored

7 days/week for 4 weeks

ー

20 min

(1) Standard care group

(2) Standard care and BCAA orally group

(3) Walking and resistance group

(4) Walking and resistance and BCAA orally group

Motor function: Thickness of the quadriceps, Grip strength, Short physical performance battery test

Motor function: Thickness of the quadriceps, grip strength, and short physical performance battery test showed predominant improvement. No significant differences were observed between groups.

Liver function: MELD, Blood tests, Serological tests

Liver function: MELD showed predominant improvement. No significant differences were observed between groups.

L. Skladany( 2024)[71]

Monitored

3 days/week for 12 weeks

ー

15–20 min

(1) Walking and resistance group

(2) Life guidance group

Motor function: LFI

Motor function: LFI showed predominant improvement in the exercise group. No significant differences were observed between groups.

Liver function: CP, MELD, Ascites classification

Liver function: Liver function parameters were not significantly different within and between groups.

Quality of life: EQ-5D

Quality of life: Quality of life measures were not significantly different within and between groups.

E. Román (2024)[66]

Unmonitored

3 days/week for 12 months

ー

20–60 min

(1) Cycle ergometry and resistance group

(2) Usual care only group

Motor function: LFI, TUG, Gait speed, Body composition test

Motor function: The intervention group showed improvements in LFI, TUG, and gait speed, with significant differences between groups.

Liver function: Blood tests, Serological tests

Liver function: C-reactive protein decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group.

Quality of life: SF-36

Quality of life: The intervention group showed significant improvements in SF-36 physical function and physical role pre- and post-intervention.

P. Sirisunhirun (2022)[46]

Unmonitored

4 days/week for 12 weeks

(1) 60–80% of heart rate

40 min

(1) Walking and resistance group

(2) Life guidance group

Motor function: 6MD, Thigh muscle mass, Anthropometric measurements

Motor function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

Liver function: Blood tests, Transient elastography(liver and spleen stiffness), CP, MELD

Liver function: LS was significantly different within each group, but no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups.

Quality of life: CLDQ

Quality of life: The home-based exercise training group showed significant improvement in CLDQ pre- and post-intervention, but no significant differences were found between groups.

D. Rossi (2022)[72]

Monitored

2 days/week for 12 weeks

(1) Borg Scale 12–14

30–50 min

(1) Walking(treadmill) group

(2) Home exercise group

Motor function: FSS, Pimax, Pemax, Knee extensor strength, 6MD

Motor function: FSS, Pimax, Pemax, knee extensor strength, and 6MD showed significant differences within and between groups.

Quality of life: SF-36

Quality of life: SF-36 showed significant differences within and between groups.

S. Mohta (2022)[73]

Unmonitored

7 days/week for 24 weeks

ー

30–45 min

(1) Walking and resistance and BCAA orally group

(2) Walking and resistance group

Motor function: 6MD, Gait speed, Lower limb strength, Body composition test

Motor Function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

Liver function: Blood tests, Serological tests, Ammonia levels, Serum myostatin levels, MELD

Liver function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

Quality of life: CLDQ

Quality of life: CLDQ was not significantly different within and between groups.

J. C. Lai (2021)[35]

Unmonitored

3 days/week for 12 weeks

(1) Resistance training sets the load by the type of band.

30 min

(1) Walking and resistance group

(2) Motor guidance group

Motor function: LFI

Motor Function: LFI was not significantly different within and between groups.

Quality of life: CLDQ

Quality of life: CLDQ was not significantly different within and between groups.

M. Hernández-Conde (2021)[74]

Unmonitored

3 days/week for 12 weeks

5,000 to 10,000 steps a day

30 min

(1) Walking and resistance and BCAA orally exercise and nutrition group

(2) Walking and resistance group

Motor function: LFI, Body composition test

Motor function: LFI showed significant differences within and between groups.

Liver function: Blood tests, Serological tests

Liver function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

C. M. Morkane (2020)[75]

Monitored

5 days/week for 6 weeks

80% of work rate at VO₂ at AT (moderate) and 50% of the difference between VO₂ peak and VO₂ at AT (severe)

40 min

(1) Cycle ergometry exercise group

(2) Usual care only group

Motor function: CPET

Motor function: The exercise group showed improvement in peak VO₂.

H. W. Chen (2020)[76]

Unmonitored

5 days/week for 12 weeks

(1) Walking adds 500 steps to the normal number of steps each week.

30 min

(1) Walking and resistance group

(2) Dietary intervention group

Motor function: 6MD, CPET, Body composition test

Motor function: 6MD showed significant differences within and between groups.

Quality of life: Sickness impact profile (SIP)

Quality of life: The exercise group showed significant improvement in the SIP questionnaire’s ambulation and eating sections pre- and post-intervention.

L. Aamann (2020)[31]

Monitored

36 trials for 12 weeks

(1) Load capacity to perform 15 cycles at moderate intensity.

ー

(1) Resistance exercise group

(2) Relaxation program group

Motor function: Isokinetic knee extension peak torque, Cross-sectional area [CSA] of the quadriceps muscle, Body composition test, 6MD

Motor function: The exercise group showed significant improvement in isokinetic knee extension peak torque and CSA within and between groups. The exercise group also showed significant improvement in 6MD pre- and post-intervention.

Liver function: Blood tests, MELD, Ammonia Metabolism/Glutamine Challenge

Liver function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

Quality of life: SF-36

Quality of life: The exercise group showed significant improvements in SF-36 vitality and mental health pre- and post-intervention.

C. Kruger (2018)[36]

Unmonitored

3 days/week for 8 weeks

ー

ー

(1) Cycle ergometry

　　exercise group

(2) Usual care only group

Motor function: peak VO2, 6MD

Motor function: The exercise group showed significant improvement in peak VO₂ pre- and post-intervention. 6MD showed significant differences between groups.

Liver function: Blood tests, MELD

Liver function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

Quality of life: CLDQ, EQ-VAS

Quality of life: CLDQ and EQ-VAS showed no significant differences within and between groups.

A. Hiraoka (2017)[77]

Unmonitored

7 days/week for 12 weeks

(1) The normal number of steps plus 2000 steps

ー

(1) Walking group

Motor function: Body composition test, Lower limb strength, Grip strength

Motor function: Motor function showed predominant improvement pre- and post-intervention.

Liver function: Serological tests

Liver function: No changes were observed pre- and post-intervention.

A. Berzigotti (2016)[79]

Monitored

1 days/week for 16 weeks

(1) Borg Scale 10–12

60 min

(1) Aerobic and resistance group

Motor function: Maximal oxygen uptake

Motor function: The exercise group showed improvement in maximal oxygen uptake.

Liver function: Blood tests, Serological tests

Liver function: No changes were observed pre- and post-intervention.

Quality of life: CLDQ

Quality of life: The exercise group showed improvement in CLDQ.

E. Román (2016)[11]

Monitored

3 days/week for 12 weeks

ー

60 min

(1) Cycle ergometry and resistance exercise group

(2) Usual care only group

Motor function: TUG, CPET, Body composition test

Motor function: TUG showed predominant improvement pre- and post-intervention. No significant differences were observed between groups.

L. Zenith (2014)[12]

Monitored

3 days/week for 8 weeks

(1) 60–70% of maximum heart rate

30 min

(1) Cycle ergometry exercise group

(2) Motor guidance group

Motor function: Peak VO2, Muscle mass and thigh circumference, 6MD

Motor function: Peak VO₂ and 6MD showed significant differences within and between groups.

Liver function: Blood tests, Serological tests, MELD, CP

Liver function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

Quality of life: CLDQ, EQ-VAS

Quality of life: The activity and fatigue subscores of the CLDQ and EQ-VAS showed significant differences within and between groups.

E. Román (2014)[79]

Monitored

3 days/week for 12 weeks

(1) 60% of maximum heart rate

ー

(1) Cycle ergometry & Walking

　　Exercise group

(2) Nutrition guidance

　　Control group

Motor function: 6MD, 2-minute step test

Motor function: 6MD and the 2-minute step test showed predominant improvement pre- and post-intervention. No significant differences were observed between groups.

Liver function: Blood tests, Serological tests, MELD, CP

Liver function: No significant differences were observed within and between groups.

Quality of life: SF-36

Quality of life: The general health, vitality, and social function subscores of SF-36 showed significant differences within and between groups.