Fig. 1

Serum bile acid (BA) profiles in healthy controls (filled with lines, n = 49) and patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) (filled with color, n = 215). A Representative comparison of total bile acid (TBA) levels between healthy controls and patients; B Comparisons of 15 BAs between healthy controls and patients with MASLD. The TBA concentrations represent the sum of unconjugated, glycine- and taurine-conjugated BAs. Data are presented as mean (nM) and standard error of the mean. C Proportions of BAs in healthy controls and patients with MASLD. ^*P < 0.05 ^**P < 0.01 MASLD vs. healthy control