Fig. 5

Analysis and comparison of bile component concentration and three indicators of gallbladder emptying function in patients with gallbladder polyps (GP), patients with gallbladder stones (GS), and patients with gallbladder stones with Clonorchis sinensis infection (GSI). (a–i) Bile component indicators and their units: (a) potassium (K⁺, mmol/L), (b) sodium (Na⁺, mmol/L), (c) chloride (Cl⁻, mmol/L), (d) calcium (Ca²⁺, mmol/L), (e) carbon dioxide (CO₂, mmol/L), (f) total bile acids (TBA, µmol/L), (g) total cholesterol (mmol/L), (h) total bilirubin (TBIL, µmol/L), (i) pH value. (j) Fasting gallbladder volume (FGV, mL). (k) Residual gallbladder volume after a fatty meal (RGV, mL). (l) Gallbladder ejection fraction (%E). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001